Eurofins Toys & Hardlines Monthly Bulletin (August 2022)

EUROPE

Changes to product safety standards

On 16 August 2022, the European Commission published Decision 2022/1401 which amends the Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/1698 as regards to European standards for certain childcare articles, children’s furniture, gymnastic equipment, lighters, and information and communication technology equipment.

This table summarises the rows in Annex I which have been added or replaced:

Inserted standards
Row	Reference	Title
1a	EN 716-1:2017+AC:2019	Furniture – Children’s cots and folding cots for domestic use – Part 1: Safety requirements
12a	EN 1272:2017	Childcare articles – Table mounted chairs – Safety requirements and test methods
13a	EN 1400:2013+A2:2018	Child use and care articles – Soothers for babies and young children – Safety requirements and test methods
48a	EN 14988:2017+A1:2020	Children’s highchairs – Requirements and test methods
48b	EN 16120:2012+A2:2016	Child use and care articles – Chair-mounted seat
Replaced standards
Row	Reference	Title
3	EN 914:2020	Gymnastic equipment – Parallel bars and combination asymmetric/parallel bars – Requirements and test methods including safety.
11 and 12	EN 1130:2019	Children’s furniture – Cribs – Safety requirements and test methods EN 1130:2019/AC:2020
14	EN 1466:2014	Child use and care articles – Carry cots and stands – Safety requirements and test methods EN 1466:2014/AC:2015
27	EN ISO 9994:2019	Lighters – Safety specification (ISO 9994:2018)
66 and 67	EN IEC 62368-1:2020	Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment – Part 1: Safety requirements EN IEC 62368-1:2020/A11:2020 Notice: this publication concerns only clauses 3.3.19 “Sound exposure” and 10.6 “Safeguard against acoustic energy sources” of EN IEC 62368-1:2020/A11:2020.

Technical consultation

The latest consultations by the European Commission related to toys and childcare related products:

Date

Entity

Publication

05-08-2022

European Commission

Safety of children’s products (excluding toys) - requirements to be met by European standards

The current standards for childcare articles other than toys are based on a 1997 mandate that is outdated, and the Commission intends to update these safety requirements

15-07-2022

The European Commission and its Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER)

Preliminary Opinion on the safety of the presence of cobalt in toys

Children may be exposed to cobalt from different toy types and toy materials. In this consultation the main exposures assessments are:

cobalt-containing metals included to allow conduction of electric current;
cobalt-containing metals that serve a function other than electrical conductance like for toys of metal, cheap jewellery for kids, fidget spinners, magnets;
kids make-up;
3-D pens, materials for toy printers and printed toys;
cobalt-containing paintings, inks and coatings used for toys and toys made of leather or textiles;
toys containing batteries

Standards updates

The following table summarises the most recent standards updates and upcoming dates of withdrawal (non-exhaustive):

IEC
Reference	Title	Publication date
IEC 61000-3:2022	Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3: Limit	28 July 2022
IEC 60086:2022	Primary batteries	28 July 2022

Changes to the period of validity of the EU Ecolabel criteria

On 18 July 2022, the European Commission published Decision 2022/1229 which amends the period of validity of the EU Ecolabel criteria for several product categories.

The following table outlines the changes:

Decision	Category of article	New date
2014/312/EU	Indoor and outdoor paints and varnishes	31 December 2025
2014/391/EU	Bed mattresses	31 December 2026
2014/763/EU	Absorbent hygiene products	31 December 2023
2016/1332	Furniture	31 December 2026
2017/176	Wood-, cork- and bamboo- based floor coverings	31 December 2026

FRANCE

Technical publications

The latest publications by DGCCRF (Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes) related to consumer products include:

Date

Publication

July 2022

DGCCRF – Fiche sur l’étiquetage des bijoux

The labelling of jewellery is subject to different regulatory provisions depending on whether it is costume jewellery, jewellery made of precious metals (gold, silver, platinum) or jewellery containing gemstones or pearls. This sheet details the applicable regulatory provisions.

Last publication related to circular economy and consumer goods

In France, the Ministry of Ecological Transition oversees matters related to the circular economy and waste. Many changes planned for the French market are planned in 2022 and it is therefore important to be updated. Below is a summary of the latest publications (non-exhaustive list):

- Order of 1 July 2022 amending the specifications of eco-organisations in the extended responsibility sector of producers of furniture components designated in article R. 543-240 of the environment code.
- Decree No. 2022-975 of 1 July 2022 relating to the extension to textile decorative elements of the sector with extended responsibility of the producer of furnishing elements and modifying various provisions relating to waste.

NETHERLAND

Updated requirements for food contact materials

On 1 July 2022, amendment (3348384-1027396-VGP) to the Dutch Commodities Act on Packaging and Consumer Articles became effective. It was published by the Ministry of Health, Wellbeing and Sports of the Netherlands in April 2022. The main changes include:

Revisions to the positive list of substances for plastics, rubber and coatings.
New requirements for specific migration for paper and cardboard, metals, textiles, coatings, dyes, pigments and epoxy polymers.
New definitions for paper, cardboard and materials to be used for manufacturing.

Items produced in compliance with the Packaging and Consumables Commodities Act as it read on 30 June 2022 and that will be placed on the market before 1 January 2023 may be traded until stocks are depleted. This exception does not apply to packaging and consumer articles made of paper or cardboard and to coatings if they contain the substances referred to in Article I, part C, second paragraph, or the substances referred to in Article I, part J, second paragraph.

To read the full publication, consult the Official Gazette of the Kingdom of the Netherlands here.

CPSC Proposes to Rules to Ban Crip Bumpers and Inclined Sleepers for Infants

On 16 May 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden signed into law the Safe Sleep for Babies Act of 2021, banning the manufacture and sale of crib bumpers and certain inclined sleepers for infants.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has recently proposed to codify the ban on crip bumpers (16 CFR 1309) and inclined sleepers for infants (16 CFR 1310) pursuant to the Safe Sleep for Babies Act.

A crib bumper is defined as any material that is intended to cover the sides of a crib to prevent injury to any crib occupant from impacts against the side of a crib or to prevent partial or complete access to any openings in the sides of a crib to prevent a crib occupant from getting any part of the body entrapped in any opening, including a padded crib bumper, a supported and unsupported vinyl bumper guard, and vertical crib slat covers. The definition excludes a non-padded mesh crib liner.

An inclined sleeper for infants is defined as a product with an inclined sleep surface greater than ten degrees that is intended, marketed, or designed to provide sleeping accommodations for an infant up to 1 year old.

The proposed effective date of the two new rules is 12 November 2022.

CPSC Updates Safety Standard for Sling Carriers

On 19 August 2022, the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) issued a direct final rule (16 CFR 1228) to update the mandatory Safety Standard for Sling Carriers. The final rule incorporates the latest version of ASTM F2907-22, Standard Consumer Safety Specifications for Sling Carriers, with one modification.

16 CFR 1228 includes an additional requirement for label attachment. The mandatory standard requires that warning labels that are attached to the fabric with seams shall remain in contact with the fabric around the entire perimeter of the label, when the sling is in all manufacturer recommended use positions.

The direct final rule will become effective on 19 November 2022 unless the CPSC receives any significant or adverse comments by 19 September 2022.

Delaware Passes New Flame Retardants Law

On 4 August 2022, Delaware passed HB 77 to restrict a variety of flame-retardant chemicals in certain consumer products. The effective date is 1 July 2023. Please see Table 1 below to see a summary of the restrictions.

Table 1

Substance	Scope*	Limit	Effective Date
2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB)	Children’s products Upholstered furniture*, if the flame-retardant chemical is in the fabric, barrier or decking materials, covering, or cushioning materials	0.1% of a flame-retardant chemical or 0.1% of a mixture that includes 1 or more flame-retardant chemicals	1 July 2023
Antimony
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH)
Chlorinated paraffins
Decabromodiphenyl ether
Hexabromocyclododecane
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP)
Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP)
Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP)
Organohalogens****	Mattresses	0.1% of an organohalogen or 0.1% of a mixture that includes 1 or more organohalogens
Exemptions: (1) Used upholstered furniture (2) Used mattresses (3) Upholstered and reupholstered furniture purchased for public use in public facilities (4) Thread or fiber when used for stitching mattress components together (5) Used children’s products or children’s products that are used in products or components as follows: (a) are not primarily intended for use in the home, such as motor vehicles, watercraft, aircraft, or other vehicles (b) are subject to 49 C.F.R. Part 571 regarding parts and products used in vehicles and aircraft (6) Components of an adult mattress other than foam (7) Electronic components of a children’s product, mattress, or upholstered furniture, or any associated enclosure or casing for the electronic components (8) A product transferred to a vehicle at a warehouse or distribution center for delivery in another state to any of the following: (a) a location under the same ownership as the warehouse or distribution center (b) a person acquiring the product for resale in another state (9) Mattresses or upholstered furniture that can be sold or distributed in commerce in California * Children’s product means product designed for residential use by infants and children under 12 years old, including a bassinet, booster seat, changing pad, floor play mat, highchair pad, infant bouncer, infant carrier, infant seat, infant swing, infant walker, nursing pad, nursing pillow, playpen side pad, play yard, portable hook-on chair, stroller, mattress, and children’s nap mat. * Upholstered furniture means residential furniture intended for indoor use in a home or other dwelling intended for residential occupancy that consists in whole or in part of resilient cushioning materials enclosed within a covering consisting of fabric or related materials. ** Organohalogen means a class of chemicals that includes any chemical containing 1 or more halogen elements bonded to carbon.

California Proposition 65 Reformulations

California Proposition 65 is the ‘Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986’, which has been effective for almost 30 years. Due to the implementation of California Proposition 65, more and more court cases are settled to reduce the exposure of carcinogenic and reproductive chemicals by reformulating the consumer products containing such chemicals. 

In order to keep retailers and manufacturers up-to-date, the highlights of the consent agreements and settlements are summarised as below:

Product	Chemical	Limit	Case No
Sous vide containers	BPA, BPS, BPF, BPAF	No detectable amount	Out of Court Settlement
Children’s back packs	DIDP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Desk valets	DIDP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Plastic storage bag	DEHP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Pouches and handbags	DEHP, DINP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Bundling wraps	DINP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Storage and smartphone bags	DINP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Halloween costume hat	DINP	1000 ppm or utilise a warning statement	Out of Court Settlement
Leather footwear	Chromium VI	0.1% mass of chromium/total dry weight of leather or utilise a warning statement	Alameda Superior Court RG 19-034870

CHINA

China Releases New Product Standards

The Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has recently issued various new industry and national product standards. Please see Table 1 below:

Table 1:

Standard	Enforcement Date
GB 4806.8-2022 National Food Safety Standard Food Contact Paper and Cardboard Materials and Products	30 June 2023
GB 4806.12-2022 National Food Safety Standard Bamboo and Wood Materials and Products for Food Contact	30 December 2022
GB/T 27590-2022 Paper cup	1 February 2023
HG/T 2019-2022 Black rain boots(shoes)	TBD
GB/T 41637-2022 Hair products—General technical specification	1 February 2023
GB/T 26391-2022 Toilet seat paper	1 August 2023
HG/T 4358-2022 Digital colour photographic paper	TBD
GB/T 41526.1-2022 Protective equipment for sports—Protective equipment for winter sports—Part 1：Safety requirements and testing methods for helmets of alpine skiers and snowboarders	1 February 2023
GB/T 24455-2022 Hand towel	1 August 2023
GB/T 26182-2022 Household and similar healthful massage chair	1 February 2023
GB/T 41527-2022 General safety requirements for household and similar service robots	11 July 2022
GB/T 13171.1-2022 Laundry powders—Part 1：Technical requirements	1 August 2023
GB 14930.1-2022 National Food Safety Standard Detergent	30 June 2023
GB 6675.1:2014 (amendment 1) – Toys – Mechanical and physical properties	13 July 2022
GB 6675.11:2014 (amendment 1) – Swings, slides and similar activity toys for indoor and outdoor family domestic use	1 February 2023
GB 19865:2005 – Electric toys - safety	13 July 2022

INTERNATIONAL

Regulatory proposals notified to the WTO

The following table summarises the most recent notifications made to the World Trade Organization (WTO) (non-exhaustive):

Notification number	Countries	Category	Title
G/TBT/N/MEX/512	Mexico	Toys	Draft Mexican Official Standard PROY-NOM-253-SE-2021, Toys -mechanical, physical and electrical safety and flammability requirements

Update of ISO standard for food contact enameled articles

In April 2022, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 4531:2022 for testing food contact enameled articles. This second edition contains several changes when compared to the 2018 edition. This:

Strengthens the migration limit for aluminum five-fold. This new limit is derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/1416 amending and correcting Regulation (EU) 10/2011 on food contact plastics;
Requires the three consecutive release tests to be carried on the same day using the same sample and a fresh test solution per test;
Stipulates test reports to include any relevant information to uncertainty of measurement and any deviations from the procedure.

PRODUCT RECALLS / ALERTS

Below, you will find a monthly table summarising product recalls and alerts in Europe (Source “RAPEX” and “RASFF”) and the U.S. (Source “CPSC”)

Europe

RAPEX (European Commission Rapid Alert System for dangerous non-food products – Alerts reported by EU national authorities)

The following 38 alerts regarding childcare articles, equipment and toys were reported between week 29 and week 33 of 2022.

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Chemicals	1	Plastic toy The battery compartment cover can be easily opened (if the toy is dropped), leaving batteries accessible. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive, nor with EN 62115.
	2	Children's head band The battery compartment can be easily opened/broken, leaving the button batteries accessible. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 62115.
	4	Plastic dolls The toy has an excessive concentration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), The product does not comply with REACH Regulation.
	1	Muslin cloths The product contains an excessive amount of formaldehyde. The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
	1	Police toy set The transparent plastic material of the black case for the card holder contains an excessive concentration of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).
	1	Inflatable armbands The plastic material of the product contains an excessive concentration of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
Choking	4	Plush toy Small parts can easily detach from the toy. The product does not comply with the requirements of Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71.
	2	Puffer toy Small parts can easily detach from the toy. The product does not comply with the requirements of Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71.
	1	Fancy dress Small parts can easily detach from the toy. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
	2	Toy car/aeroplane Small parts can easily detach from the toy. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
	1	Toy set A small part of the activity shape with the green flower could become detached. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
Choking, Injuries	1	Magnetic balls The toy is made of small parts (balls) with a high magnetic flux. It does not comply with the requirements of Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
	1	Battery operated toy The battery compartment is easily opened/broken, leaving the button batteries accessible. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 62115.
	3	Expandable toy The plastic spider breaks easily and releases soft plastic figurines which expand more than 50% in size when in contact with water. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
	1	Toy-helicopter with sweets Small parts (wheels of the helicopter) can easily detach from the toy. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
Choking, Suffocation	1	Beach ball The product has a small detachable part (air stopper plug), which a child could easily access, put in their mouth and choke on. The product does not comply with the requirement of the Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.
Environment	8	Battery operated toy The solder contains an excessive amount of lead. The product does not comply with the requirements on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS 2 Directive).
Injuries	2	Magnetic balls The toy is made of small parts (balls) with a high magnetic flux. The product does not comply with the requirements of Toy Safety Directive nor with EN 71-1.

The following 3 alerts regarding furniture were reported between week 29 and 33 of 2022.

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Chemicals	1	Shower mat The plastic material of the product contains an excessive amount of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
Injuries	2	Plastic chair The chair has insufficient stability and strength, as a result the backrest can break under load, injuring the user. The product does not comply with the requirements of the General Product Safety Directive nor with EN 12520 and EN 1728.
Injuries	2	Bunk bed The guard rail on the top bunk does not continue along one of the long sides. A person (child) could fall out of the bed through the opening and suffer injuries. The product does not comply with the requirements of the General Product Safety Directive nor with EN 747.

The following 18 alerts regarding hard goods/ miscellaneous goods were reported between week 29 and 33 of 2022.

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Burns, Electric shock, Fire	1	Food dehydrator The fan inside the appliance and the external enclosure can melt and catch fire. The safety features (non-self resetting cut-out) may not activate when needed. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive nor with the European standards EN 60335-1 and EN 60335-2.
Chemicals	2	Padel racket The black plastic tape fastening of the grip contains an excessive concentration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The product does not comply with the REACH regulation.
	1	Pencil case The product contains an excessive concentration of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
	13	Jewellery The product contains an excessive amount of cadmium, lead and nickel. The product does not comply with the REACH Regulation.
Choking	1	Candle Due to their characteristic appearance, form, colour, and size, the candles may be mistaken for food stuff. The product does not comply with the requirements of the Food Imitating Directive nor with the requirements of the Toy Safety Directive.

RASFF (European Commission Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed - Alerts reported by EU national authorities)

The following 4 alerts regarding Food Contact Materials related to children's tableware were reported from 21 July 2021 to 20 August 2022.

Product	Substance / Hazard
Kids tableware	Unauthorised use of bamboo in children's tableware	RASFF Window - Notification detail
Bamboo dinner set	Children dinner set with bamboo fibres	RASFF Window - Notification detail
Baby sippy cup	Bisphenol A in sippy cup for children	RASFF Window - Notification detail
Children's tableware	Migration of melamine from children's tableware	RASFF Window - Notification detail

OPSS issues Product Safety Alerts on the UK market. The following alerts regarding toys and childcare products were reported between week 29 and week 33 of 2022.

15 recalls regarding toys and childcare products

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Chemicals	1	Slime kit The ‘lemon’ accessory contains phthalates. It was found to contain DEHP. The sample therefore exceeds the specified maximum limit of mass of the plasticised material, as the sum of the four phthalates.  The product does not meet the requirements of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (The REACH Regulations) and the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Chemicals	1	Wooden children's plate The product has been found to release trace amounts of lead and formaldehyde at levels higher than the maximum permitted.
Choking	2	Plush toy The toy contains small parts which easily detach and fit wholly inside the small parts cylinder. The product does not meet the requirements of the Toy (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Choking and Chemicals	4	Bath toys duck set The plastic material of the toys contains an excessive concentration of phthalates. The duck incorporates a squeaker which is considered a small part. The product does not meet the requirements of the REACH Enforcement Regulations 2008 and the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Choking and Injuries	1	Magnetic sticks building blocks toys The product has been identified as presenting a risk of choking and injuries as, when tested, the small magnets were found to have a magnetic flux greater than the limit allowed. The product does not meet the requirements of the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
	1	Catapult powered flying helicopter that lights up The button battery compartment of the product is not adequately secured and is easily accessible. The product does not meet the requirements of the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
	2	Magnetic balls The product has been identified as presenting a serious risk of choking and injuries as, when tested, the small magnets were found to have a magnetic flux greater than the limit allowed of 50 kG²mm². The product does not meet the requirements of the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Injuries	1	Plush toy The edges of the mechanism are exposed within the dog’s mouth. The product does not meet the requirements of the Toy (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Strangulation and asphyxiation	1	Toy drum The perimeter of the fixed loop that was created after the knot was tied is greater than the specified limit. The product does not meet the requirements of the Toys (Safety) Regulations 2011.
Suffocation	1	Infant sleeping bag The neck circumference of the affected models has been found to be too large and not in compliance with the relevant standard. This product does not meet the requirements of the General Product Safety Regulations 2005.

1 recall regarding furniture

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Injuries	1	Portable hammock The product presents a risk of injuries as one seam at the head end of the fabric has been reported to fail after limited use. The product does not meet the requirements of the General Product Safety Regulations 2005.

2 recalls regarding hobby and sports equipment

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Chemicals	1	Necklace The product was found to contain cadmium. The product does not meet the requirements of the REACH Enforcement Regulations 2008.
Drowning	2	Inflatable paddle board package Its substandard glue should have a minimal life cycle of 5 years when used normally and maintained properly, however research has shown that this is not the case for the faulty batch. The product does not meet the requirements of the General Product Safety Regulations 2005.

U.S.

From 28 July 2022 to 25 August 2022, the CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission) published the following recalls:

6 recalls regarding Toys and childcare products

Hazard	Number of alerts	Notes
Burn	1	Play tents and playhouses The fabric playhouses and play tents fail to meet an industry flammability standard for these products, posing a risk of burn injuries to children.
Lead	2	Glass baby bottles The markings on the outside of the bottles contain levels of lead that exceeds the federal lead content ban. Lead is toxic if ingested by young children and can cause adverse health issues.
Lead	1	Children’s outdoor kitchens The brass water tap of the play kitchen contains levels of lead that exceed the federal lead content ban.  Lead is toxic if ingested by young children and can cause adverse health issues.
Strangulation	1	Infant swings and baby rockers When the swing or rocker is not in use, their restraint straps can dangle below the seat and non-occupant crawling infants can become entangled in the straps, posing a strangulation hazard.
Entanglement and entrapment	1	Activity desk toys When attached to a crib, a protruding knob on the activity desks can become entangled with clothing on a child, posing an entanglement hazard. The opening in the handle on the desks can also pose a jaw entrapment hazard to children under 18 months.
Fall and injury	1	Ride-on toys The ride-on toy can tip forward when a young child is riding it, posing fall and injury hazards to children.

4 recalls of consumer products

Type of Risk	Number of alerts	Notes
Injury	1	Ceramic pulleys for switchblade and drifter kiteboarding kits The ceramic pulleys used in the recalled Switchblade and Drifter kiteboarding kites can cause the bridle line connection to break, which reduces performance in steering and control of the kite, causing the kiteboarder to lose control of the kite, posing an injury hazard.
Laceration	1	Cordless hedge trimmers The teal-coloured guard on the recalled hedge trimmer’s shear blade is missing, posing a laceration hazard to users.
Puncture and laceration	1	Paddles for stand-up paddleboards The paddle can suddenly break mid-shaft into two pieces during use, exposing sharp edges and posing a risk of serious injury including puncture or laceration hazards.
Fall and crash	1	Bicycle handlebars The bicycle’s carbon handlebars can crack, posing fall and crash hazards.